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Before getting a car, I found driving here a bit intimidating. Georgians are typically slow to everything. They’re slow to start, they’re slow to get moving, they’re slow walking. But as soon as they get in the car man, they go nuts. Nothing’s going to stop them, as though the world were blowing up behind them and they haven’t got enough jet fuel or gears to outrun the flames.


Add on to that the inability for the average Georgian to follow rules and lines, and you’ve got a real formula one for disaster. With all these cars zigzagging through each other, one wonders how you don’t see more wrecks on the road. “Georgians are the best drivers in the world,” Gio tells me after saying ten other things they’re the best at. “They say if you can drive in Georgia, you can drive anywhere!” That said, if you drive like Georgians drive, you can also get life sentences in prison in most countries.


My first waking up experience with the inanity that is Georgian driving was about 10 years ago in the countryside. I was hitchhiking with a friend. A kind fellow picked us up and brought us to his village (not where we were going). “Just quick stop!” he said. The stop was at his friend’s shop, where he bought three beers, one for me, my friend, and of course him. “Cheers!” he said, cracking it open, turning the ignition and speeding on down the sharp turns of the valley road.

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Moments later, a policeman pulled us over. The man got out of his car, set the bottle on the roof, and then went to the cop, yelling him down in the middle of the street. After a stream of curses and some shared laughs, he came back to the car, grabbed his beer bottle, and sat back down, speeding off. “The guy says I was drunk driving! And he doesn’t believe me I’m not drunk!”


“Did you get a ticket?”


“No, of course not, that was Tornike, my wife’s second cousin.”


Since then it’s gotten a lot better. They’ve really cracked down on drunk driving, and they’ve installed a million traffic cameras. One lady in a class of mine 4 years back recalled, “Yes, they’re very funny, my husband gets a ticket for 20 lari every day.” She added, without a hint of irony, “He’s a very good driver. He wants to be a taxi driver in New York.”

Or don't drive, just walk. And while you're at it, listen to my sexy voice tell you about buildings on your phone with VoiceMap:

Drivers have improved. And since I’ve been driving, it actually seems to me that Georgian drivers want to drive in a fashion that’s not suicidal, but in large part can’t because of bad city design. But I’ll get to that.


I'm not going to say Georgia has the worst driving. It doesn't. I'd say it's in the middle. It is what it is.


Now, without much further ado my...

List of astonishing things about driving in Georgia:


1. Lanes. Sometimes they exist, sometimes they don’t, and sometimes they inexplicably disappear. Not that it matters, because few seem to know what they’re for. Georgians though have admittedly gotten better driving with lanes. When I first got here, they seemed to be only like suggestion markers. Now, they either drive between them or on them, only rarely exploring the between-regions of the two theories of their function. The worst part though is that the city road building guys often seem to forget to put down lines after they pave a road, and only get around to doing so a year later. Even on major thoroughfares, like the embankment road, which is practically a highway. Actually, there’s still a stretch without lines. I’ve come to enjoy this though, as it makes driving a lot more fluid. You can go wherever the heck you want, and let everyone else deal with your direction.

When they do remember to paint the lines, it’s not always for the best. They have an odd habit of taking one away there, adding in another over there, and really making a confused mess of things at intersections.


Lanes are for bad drivers. Georgia has the best drivers!


That’s all well and good until you get to Kutaisi. Apparently, there’s a real paint shortage in Kutaisi, or maybe just nobody knows how to paint a road. But the huge avenues, which would in a normal city have 6 to 8 lanes, are unmarked free-for-alls. Until you get to a light, and the light has signs showing you the defined lanes, and low and behold, you’re in a turn lane! Surprise! And a cop is driving behind you!


2. Parking. Most Georgians park on sidewalks, behind park benches, in windows, in no parking zones, on pavements, on greenspace, in the middle of a street… really, they seem to go out of their way to park illegally and/or in the way. This is, again, partly the city’s fault. The city will only ticket you if it seems you’ve attempted and failed to legally park. But if it’s clear you made no attempt, the city will let it slide.


This used to bother me a lot more when I was merely a pedestrian, as one of the favorite spots for Georgians to park is on zebras. But once I understood this principle, it’s not so bad. Also there’s the problem that figuring out where to legally park is sometimes not so easy. I’ve seen a Parking sign back to back with a No Parking sign, or a No Parking sign over an area that’s clearly painted on the ground to park.


It’s getting better though. You can now pay through your banking app to park legally anywhere in the city, which I guess covers sidewalks and zebras.


3. Nobody cares. For instance, cutting people off is a thing here and nobody thinks twice of it. They’ll do it to you as soon as you let your guard down. And they might even drive slower after cutting you off, because eh, don’t care. Here’s the neat thing though, just as they don’t care when they cut you off, nobody really cares when you cut them off either. It gives you a little more flexibility in your own driving. Want to drive like a jackass? Go for it! Nobody cares.


4. Honking. They don’t honk because they care, they honk because you didn’t start moving before the light turned green. Also they honked to say hi to Gio, the marshrutka driver on the other side of traffic, and now the two marshrutka drivers are cutting everybody off so they can stop in the middle lanes (or where they might be) and have a chat. But hey, nobody cares (see number 3), so whatever.


5. Marshrutkas. These are the mean yellow minivans that Georgians try to legitimize and call “microbuses”, but us expats know how much BS that is, and no matter how much you call a giant pile of crap Jack, it doesn’t change the fact it’s still a giant pile of crap.


A pile of crap smells just as sweet by any other name. - William Shakespeare

A marshrutka can drop someone off whenever they want, and pick them up wherever they want. The only exception to this rule is on major roads, where they’re confined to only doing this at bus stops. That sounds cool. Saint, why do you hate that? Let me effing tell you.


What's that lady even doing? First, the marshrutka man prefers the leftmost lane. So whenever someone tells him to stop (there are no female marshrutka drivers, my gender policing friends), or he sees someone waving him down, he immediately swerves to the right and crosses two or three lanes, typically without looking, because again number 3.

Not only that, but the ass hats who use marshrutkas tend to choose the most inconvenient places to wave them down. The middle of an intersection? A place where there’s a pedestrian barrier along the pavement? An area where there’s a natural bottleneck? Yes, please! I can’t walk 10 meters to a better location that won’t cause a pain in the ass to the rest of the traffic, because well, number 3 also applies to pedestrians.


6. Zebras. It’s fun watching people try to figure out what these are for. Mostly people cross roads about 20 meters or less from a zebra. If they’re at a zebra with a light, they prefer crossing at red. This all doesn’t really matter anyway, because drivers also don’t have the slightest clue what a zebra is for, except they won’t honk at you as they swerve to speed by when you use one (they will honk at cars that stop at zebras, though).


Zebra use or lack thereof has really got me thinking that they really shouldn’t have just driving tests, but also pedestrian tests. And they should have more questions about zebras and less on how many oxen per cart are allowed to traverse a country road.


7. Speed bumps. They’re usually 20 years old and have worn into oblivion. But that doesn’t matter, because Georgians like to drive around them anyway. Apparently if only one wheel hits one, it won’t damage your shocks, but if both wheels go over one, it will annihilate them (unless of course you’re going fast enough).


8. Traffic circles. In the States or Europe, the traffic in the circle always has the right of way. In Georgia, it’s reversed, where the right of way is who’s entering the circle. Sometimes. Generally you have to look for the markings on the road. Or signs. Or just guess. Do your best to communicate with the other driver, because it’s likely they don’t know whose right of way it is either.


A big traffic circle. The rules change halfway through.


9. Left turns are anathema (in Tbilisi). They designed it so you can take lots of U-turns. They’re terrified of setting up traffic lights and letting people do left turns. Possibly because they know this would just make people go crazy, and also because everyone thinks they’re in Need For Speed 10: Tbilisi Drift. So where they can, they route people to turnabouts and so on rather than put up a light. And then when they do put up a light it doesn’t really make sense (Pushkin/Baratashvili anyone?).


10. Passing. People will pass you anywhere. Is there some room on the right? Is the room just a sidewalk or dirt shoulder? No problem! Is there an opposite lane with only a little oncoming traffic? No problem! Is there a sharp turn up ahead? No biggie. Are you on a highway onramp and trying to get to speed and watch for traffic on your left? Why not someone pass on your right? No problem! Don’t care!


11. The right lane of death. It’s bumpy. There are probably a lot of cars parked in it. People get out of those cars, they have birjas (groups of middle- to old-aged men standing around smoking and staring off into space) in the lane, sometimes a barbecue, sometimes a watermelon sale. You really don’t know what you’re going to run into in the right lane. So it’s better to stay one lane over. People will suddenly come up on your ass, 30 mph over the speed limit. Screw ‘em! They can drive around you into oncoming traffic. And they do.

And that’s all I’ve come up with for tonight. In general, it’s better than I make it out to be. Or worse, if you have high blood pressure. But don’t be intimidated. Once you’re driving, it’s actually remarkably easier, mainly because of the grand number 3.


No left turn into old town here, gotta do a U and then a right


12. Emergency vehicles. They drive with their lights on, at all times. During an emergency, they'll use their siren (called "honks"). This means that if you listen to your radio, or are a victim of the Doppler Effect, you likely won't know if they're approaching you at ludicrous speed. Or maybe they are and it's not an emergency. Who knows. This explains generally why everyone seems to not care about emergency vehicles.

Probably you have more. Add them in the comments! What’s your favorite thing about driving in Georgia?

Updated: May 28, 2024



On our latest Drive Somewhere Weekend, we were still hoping to catch the last changing leaves, so we decided upon the Monument at Didgori. Not too far from Tbilisi, it’s another one of those hard-to-get-to-without-a-car places that neither of us had ever been. Which is something of a tragedy, considering how important the location is to the history of Georgia.


The Battle of Didgori signaled the development and rise of the Kingdom of Georgia. Where last week I lied about Vakhtang Gorgasali being the most famous king of Georgia, I’ll tell you now who it really was: David the Builder (or Tamar, depending on if you’re considering her a “king” due to some linguistic funny business, more on her on my Vardzia blog).

A short history


Of course, to understand the significance of Didgori on Georgia, one first has to understand what was happening in the neighborhood at the time. So a short run down before I continue on to the monument and the Battle of Didgori itself.


The Seljuks and the Byzantines


The greatest mistake of the Persian Samanid Empire was similar to that of the Western Roman Empire that fell not long before it. Just as the Romans began using German auxiliaries – a move that made the legions less effective and loyal and exported Roman military culture – the Samanids were doing the same with the Turks in Central Asia. They regularly took slave captives of children and raised them into their armies. These armies of slaves, called “mamluks”, eventually rebelled and overthrew the empire, leading to the rise of successive hosts of brutal Turkish conquerors.

Didgori Georgia
On route to the monument

First were the Ghaznavids, who rose up against the Samanids and managed to wrest control for a short time, but proved ultimately as failures both in governing and maintaining military action. Almost immediately they found themselves at odds with another Samanid mamluk army, the Seljuks, who after the ultimate demise of the Persian Empire were nipping at the Ghaznavids at every angle. In the 1040s they were quick to sweep across the collapsed Samanid Empire and pick up the Western remains that the Ghaznavids were unable to hold.


The military prowess of the Seljuk leadership was unparalleled, and their momentum would soon bring them against the greatest empire of the land, the Roman Empire (hereafter the Byzantine Empire, as that’s the name most people call them once they’re based out of Constantinople/Byzantium). The Byzantines at that time still held all of Anatolia, along with lands down the Mediterranean coast. They had long been at odds with the rise of the Arab Caliphate: A Christian Empire versus an empire of this new upstart religion, Islam.


The Byzantines had been ceding lands to the Arabs for nearly 400 years. But due to the Caliphate overstretching itself, along with the problems against the Persians and a new, superior dynasty to take power in the Byzantine Empire, the Arab grab for power was at last collapsing.


Didgori David the Builder
Looking towards the main Didgori monument from the David the Builder monument

The Byzantines were able to recover the former Christian kingdom of Kilikia (Armenia), Armenia proper, and much of their own former coastal lands (modern Syria) and almost all the way to Jerusalem before falling to another civil war. When the Byzantines finally stabilized, it looked like they were set to reclaim their lands throughout the Middle East.


It was in this climate that the Seljuks swept in, decimating a Persian Empire already mired in civil war, and striking from the rear an Arab Caliphate that was overstretched and being eaten away by a revived Byzantine Empire.


Seljuk-Byzantine Wars


As the Seljuks gathered their power, they looked to devour the collapsed Islamic lands of the Caliphate. But the Byzantines were also looking to those lands, seeing their own history there. The Kingdom of Georgia was right to fear the oncoming Seljuks, and quickly drew up battle lines with their long-time frenemies, the Byzantines. The Georgians had only recently lost a war to the Byzantines, ceding a bunch of their Anatolian territories, but still preferred a Christian Byzantine menace to a Muslim Turk menace.


At the time, most of the Byzantine troops had been disbanded or moved to other parts of the Empire, inexplicably not seeing an immediate threat anymore on their Eastern frontier. The arrival of the Seljuk horde at their doorstep proved them wrong.


Didgori
Looking out from the monument

The Byzantines, unable to muster up a force in time, secured aid from the Georgians, who rode down and fought alongside the few that were against the Seljuks at Kapetron. The Seljuk army was annihilated, but had managed to capture the Georgian king as they fled. The following engagement and return of the Georgian king led to embassies being established between the Byzantines and the Seljuks and a truce set to last until 1064.


It’s important to keep in mind though that the Seljuks at this point were still gathering their own political power. Various tribes were migrating to the West from Central Asia, and they had little political unity. The recognition of their power by the Byzantines, their continued military success against other Turkish tribes, and after their defeat at Kapetron made the leaders of the various tribes realize that they had to unite under the Seljuks or face being destroyed.


Manzikert and the First Crusade


The Seljuks were now a united and powerful empire, ready to test their might properly against the Byzantines. Immediately after the truce ended, the Seljuks attacked under Alp Arslan. First they took Ani, slaughtering their entire population and taking control of the surrounding territories, including into Georgia. The Fatimids in Egypt were distracting his attention though, so when the Byzantines sent for a renewed truce, he accepted.


The Byzantines under Romanos IV Diogenes had no interest in honoring their truce. He gathered an army as fast as he could and slammed into the Seljuk frontiers, seeking to regain the lost Byzantine territory. After successive strategic blunders, the superior Byzantine force was destroyed by the Seljuks at Manzikert. This battle signaled to everybody that the Byzantines could not stop the Seljuk advance. Turkish tribes continued to swarm in, raiding where they could, and the Seljuks looked at their remaining frontiers: further into Anatolia to the West and to the Caucasus Mountains in the North (leading even to an attempt at placation as the Georgian king offered his daughter's hand in marriage to Alp Arslan).


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In response to the loss at Manzikert, the Byzantines made a terminal plea to Rome, asking for any help that could be mustered by their Western kin. The Pope at Rome called for a Crusade, which quickly organized and supported the Byzantines, re-establishing the Byzantine frontiers throughout Anatolia. Meanwhile, the Crusaders went along the coastline and carved out their own small kingdoms – former Byzantine lands – as payment for their conquest.


The First Crusade temporarily halted the Seljuk advance Westward. Unable to subdue such a force, they worked on solidifying their frontiers against the Greater Caucasus and carving out more tribute states, which Georgian historians refer to as the Didi Turkoba, loosely translated as the Big Turkish Party.


Kingdom of Georgia


A united land of Georgia (or Sakartvelo in Georgian, that is, Land of the Kartvelians) didn’t exist until 1008, when the various lands of the Kartvelian peoples (and friends) were finally united under the crown of Bagrat III. The different kingdoms had been allied with each other, or outsiders, and loyalties had bounced around since before there were Georgians until finally the perfect hand of Kartvelian politics was dealt to Bagrat. He was, with cooperation from the Armenians, finally able to drive out any lasting Arab influence throughout the lands.


Georgians are never so unhappy whenever things are going well. So when the reigns of the monarchy passed to the underage Giorgi, many quickly rebelled and fractured the kingdom. The next king, Bagrat IV, kept trying to reclaim the lost territories, but again, there’s nothing Georgians like more than fighting with each other, and it continued as such well into the reign of David IV, leading various Georgian lands to be gulped up by the guzzling of the Seljuks.


By the time David IV ascended the throne, it had nearly been 100 years since the dream of a united Georgia faded and the Seljuks had been decimating Georgian provinces one after the other. However, with the Crusades, the Seljuk expansion had slowed down, and David was able to retake key territories, re-establishing the rule of the Georgian crown throughout Eastern Georgia.


Didgori monument
Approaching Didgori

To repopulate the areas massacred by the Seljuks, he invited in a Kipchak tribe from the Northern Caucasus, and then initiated a levy to rebuild his military. With this reinvigorated military, he expanded the Georgian Kingdom into modern Azerbaijan and Armenia, pushing hard against the Seljuk frontier. Finally, in 1121, it was time to retaliate. Sultan Mahmud bin Muhammad declared a jihad against Georgia.


About 400,000 men from the Sultan’s army met against a force of 56,000 Georgian men at the hills of Didgori on August 12, 1121. The Sultan’s army was routed in a gigantic, humiliating defeat against David’s military prowess. With the oncoming army, he had been able to choose the battlefield, and the steep, unforgiving foothills allowed him to chop up the Sultan’s army, destroying the Seljuks’ numerical superiority.




David would go on to liberate Tbilisi and Dmanisi, ushering in Georgia’s Golden Age. Georgia was now fully unified and expanded, and their principal rival completely expelled from their territories.


Monument at Didgori


The monument is composed of four sections. The main, principal monument on the peak of a hill, where swords in a field serve as gravestones in honor of those fallen in the battle. The single, huge structure at the summit is in the shape of an even larger stone sword with a broken hilt. Next to it is a bell to ring and meditate upon. Below it is a small pantheon-auditorium, with an array of seats, next to which on the left is a bronze owl, as though Athena is watching over all the processions. Beyond the pantheon is a stand of bells that chime cryptically in the wind.



On two sides of the monument are fields of bronze soldiers in various positions, resembling moves found in Georgian dance.


Finally, a few kilometers away towards Armazi Valley is a 30-meter-tall statue of David the Builder himself, blowing a horn, signaling his troops to battle.



The monument was erected in the early 90s, though it has the feel that its been there for centuries, and undoubtedly it will be there for centuries to come.


Every year on August 13, there’s a big celebration at the monument, commemorating the victory. I imagine next year should be a spectacular event, given it will be the 900th anniversary.


Getting there


It’s impossible to get there by public transit, you’ll have to take a taxi or rent a car. Luckily, it’s a well-paved road for the entire way in both directions (except for a very short bit that they’re working on in Kvemo Nichbisi) and in either direction takes a little over an hour.

One of the best car rental experiences in Georgia you can have

There’s also very little traffic, so it could be a pleasant bike ride coming down in either direction (probably easier up from the Manglisi direction). You can get there by hiking from the village of Didgori as well (refer to OpenStreetMap for the route), and it should take you two days from Didgori or Manglisi to a village on the other side of the range that's serviced by a marshrutka.

Updated: Oct 29, 2020


Vakhtang Gorgasali is perhaps the most famous king of Georgia, more famous than any George who has ruled the land. As a visitor, the story everyone tells you is about how he ruled from Mtskheta in the 5th century. One day, he had gone hunting with his falcon. His falcon circled high in the sky and suddenly divebombed some unseen prey. Vakhtang and his party pushed through the brush and found the falcon sitting on top of a cooked boar. The boar had evidently fallen into some hot springs and attempted to escape, but died, having been mostly cooked (or at least enough for Vakhtang’s avian friend).


Vakhtang Gorgasali at Metekhi
Vakhtang saying "Gamarjoba!" from Metekhi

Gorgasali means “wolf’s head”, and it’s probably no coincidence that both his last name and the old Persian name of Georgia was called, “Land of the Wolves”. Was their a connection? Possibly. Vakhtang had become king of a nation that was subservient to the lower nobility where the king was powerless. Not only that, but most of the lower nobility paid heed to the Sassanid Persians. Vakhtang worked most of his life to solidify control over the nobility, gathering them under the head of one king of Kartli and Kakheti (the Georgian words for regions in Georgia). This, obviously brought him into the attention of the shahansha (king of kings) of the Persians.


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Vakhtang at Ujarma


For a base on his expeditions in Kakheti, and as a primary front against the Sassanids, Vakhtang built up the small town of Ujarma, founded a few centuries before. He built his castle over it and fortified the area with curtain walls and towers. This is where he would spend much of his time, looking out at the frontier and pondering the defenses of his lands.

It’s said that there were two things Vakhtang suffered from the most at Ujarma. One was the Persians, and the other was his wife.


While away to India (perhaps Jandaba, near Bangladesh, which means in Georgian somewhere so far in the way your basically screwed), his wife had become enamored by one ploughman. She’s sit at the castle wall every evening, watching him work. One day, he finally saw her attention and secretly climbed up the castle walls, where he continued his work as a ploughman.



When Vakhtang returned, he discovered this love affair. Instead of killing the ploughman though, he sent him away to Javakheti, a Georgian land on the other side of the realm. Apparently though, all of Kartli and Kakheti’s crops went with him, and for several seasons they suffered from a famine. The king went to Javakheti and begged him to come back. “Not without the love of your wife,” the ploughman replied. So the king did not allow him to come back, but ploughman took mercy and sent some wheat.


With the seeds of the wheat, they planted across Kakheti and received an enormous wealth in crops. They never had to worry about food again.


Vakhtang’s wife was not happy though. Her lover had been banished, and her husband – too busy ruling things and conquering – basically ignored her needs, and her hatred of him grew darker.


When the Sassanids finally had enough of Vakhtang scooping up their tribute lands, they decided to invade. The shahansha himself had come to lead the armies and rid himself of the pest that was this frontier king. He sent emissaries ahead of him to negotiate. Would Vakhtang bow down?


He would not.


But before the emissary left, his wife took him aside. “Your king will never defeat Vakhtang in battle. But let’s make this simple. I’ll feed his horse salt the night before the battle. He’ll have to cross the river to engage. At the river the horse will stop and drink water, being as thirsty as it is from the salt. There attack. He is most vulnerable under his arms, everywhere else he wears heavy armor. When he pulls at the bridle of the horse, the horse will rear, and his arms will be exposed. Strike there!”


Read horror stories about Georgia and other places in my latest collection

It happened as she said. An arrow smashed under Vakhtang’s arm and he was brought back to Ujarma, where he died two days later. The Persians overwhelmed the Georgian defenses and took the Georgian lands back under the control of the king of kings.


When the Persian shahansha met Vakhtang’s wife though, he had no words of thanks for her. “You are an unfaithful wife, and betrayed your husband,” he spat. “How could I ever trust your loyalty?” He then had tied to the tail of Vakhtang’s horse and gave it a good slap on the rear.


Ujarma


There’s no interior left of the 12th century citadel (it had been rebuilt later by King George III, so it’s hard to say what part was from Vakhtang’s era). However the walls still stand, as well as a few of the towers. The ruins are impressive, and the government is busy with a development project there, where they’re installing walkways throughout the grounds, and stabilizing walls, and building a path that follows the tower line and old city walls down to the river below (not yet finished). The ruins of the once bustling town have all been overgrown, and unfortunately with a baby strapped on my back I couldn’t get down and dirty exploring what might be there, so I can’t tell you. Perhaps when you're there, the path might be finished. You can access it via some stone stairs down, across from the church.




From the parking lot, it's a short walk up the hill to the castle (not handicapped accessible, though there are not that many steps to take up). Inside the castle, there are the ruins both to the left and right. There's a church as well, St. Nino's, where it's said she stored her famous grapevine cross just after putting it together there.


Ujarma Georgia Vakhtang Gorgasali
The path to the castle

Getting to Ujarma


Ujarma Fortress is about a one-hour drive from Tbilisi, just off the Telavi highway. The highway is well-paved, so any sort of car can access it, and the marshrutkas going to and from Telavi pass it as well. Since we recently bought a car, we’ve been making more and more trips, and naturally we had to visit the castle where our son’s namesake died.


Telavi Kakheti Ujarma mountain highway
The Telavi Highway

It’s definitely worth a visit though if you have a car. By marshrutka it’d be easy to get to, but as most marshrutkas don’t leave until they’re full, it’d be much harder to get back. You could also hire a taxi to Telavi at Isani or Samgori metro stations. I’m sure they’d be happy to either come back to Tbilisi or drive you on to Telavi, with a few other stops on the way.

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